Edges cause cilia to quickly synchronize their beating pattern

Unequal interactions between cilia cause synchronization

To create a synchronized and efficient wave, cilia need to accurately coordinate their beating motion. Unlike football fans watching their neighbors and the nervous system coordinating the centipede's legs, cilia have no such intelligent control system.

In their new study, the scientists David Hickey, Ramin Golestanian and Andrej Vilfan from the department Living Matter Physics at MPI-DS now highlight the importance or border regions for the coordination of cilia. "When many cilia beat closely together, they can synchronize by beating slightly before their neighbors to one side, and slightly after their neighbors to the other -- just like a Mexican wave in a stadium," says David Hickey, first author of the study. This synchronization is mediated by the fluid surrounding the cilia and initiated by the border region. Notably, two cilia beating near each other don't necessarily exert the same force to each other. Depending on its position, a cilium can be more effected by its neighbor than vice versa, especially in a dense carpet of cilia as it frequently occurs in nature. This can eventually cause a directed, non-reciprocal pattern forming a wave.

Synchronization of cilia is initiated by border regions

"The cilia at a border region take the role as a pacemaker which entrain other cilia one after another," Hickey summarizes the findings. "This observation is different from previous models where boundaries were assumed to perturb the order," he continues. This view was also shared by the renowned physicist Wolfgang Pauli who joked about this: "God made solids, but surfaces were the work of the devil."

As found now, border regions of surfaces can in fact allow a better understanding of the self-organization of living matter. At the same time, the model reveals striking similarities between mechanisms in the microscopic world and on the macroscopic scale.