Mosquito genome opens new avenues for reducing insect-borne disease

For the past decade, researchers attempting to study the mosquito's DNA had only fragments to work with -- genetic swatches that didn't come together to form a cohesive whole. However a recent multi-institutional study, led by Rockefeller scientists, has produced a new blueprint of the Aedes aegypti genome that vastly improves upon its predecessor. The study, published in Nature, describes important applications of this new resource, including multiple strategies for reducing mosquito-borne illnesses.

Building a better genome

Like several other mosquito species, Ae. aegypti carries pernicious pathogens, including Zika, dengue, and yellow fever, and transmits these diseases to hundreds of millions of people annually. Many researchers believe that the best way to curb infection is to better understand the infectors. To this end, in 2007 scientists took a stab at sequencing the mosquito's large and repetitive genome. Though results of this effort enabled over a decade of mosquito genetic research, the techniques of the time were limited and the genome had significant shortcomings.

"The genome was in so many pieces that we weren't sure how they fit together, and we also weren't sure that it was complete," says Ben Matthews, a research specialist in the lab of Leslie B. Vosshall. "And if you can't trust that the DNA sequence was correctly assembled, you're not going to get very far."

Rockefeller scientists weren't the only ones impeded by dubious DNA data. Matthews recalls meeting mosquito researchers from other institutions whose projects had become excessively time consuming, or outright impossible, due to a lack of reliable genetic information. Following the 2016 Zika outbreak, scientists' frustration escalated as the disease became a public health crisis. And Vosshall, the Robin Chemers Neustein Professor, decided it was time to take action.

"I was sick of hearing that my lab members couldn't find complete versions of the genes we were working on," she says. "So I took my frustration to Twitter, and quickly assembled the Aedes Genome Working Group. "

Collaborating with universities and industry partners from across the world, Vosshall and her colleagues had access to the latest advances in genomics. The team first sent a sample of Ae. aegypti DNA to the company Pacific Biosciences, whose technology rendered genetic sequences that were much longer than those from the 2007 study. Next, scientists at Bionano Genomics determined how those long sequences fit together. Finally, researchers at Baylor University used a method called Hi-C to figure out how the sequences were arranged on whole chromosomes.

"This was an expensive undertaking, and we could not have gotten to square one without the donations of instrumentation and expertise from our corporate partners," says Vosshall. "4,143 emails and 1,102 days later, it is so gratifying to see this paper published!"

The collaboration yielded a comprehensive catalog of Ae. aegypti DNA -- a genome as robust as the species from which it came. And the group wasted no time putting their new tool to work.

Knowing the enemy

Equipped with a high-quality genome blueprint, the researchers were able to characterize previously unidentified genes. They found, for example, genes coding for dozens of new ionotropic receptors (IRs), which detect odors in environment and help guide mosquitoes toward important locations, such as a site to lay eggs, or a naked kneecap ripe for nibbling. Armed with new genetic details about IRs, researchers may now be able to develop novel insect repellants that interfere with mosquitoes' ability find and bite us.

Analyzing the genome, the researchers also noticed that some mosquitoes had multiple copies of genes that code for glutathione S-transferase (GST), an enzyme that neutralizes the toxic effects of insecticides. This finding, says Matthews, suggests that Ae. aegypti are evolving to protect themselves from human-made toxins by bulking up on genes that destroy chemicals designed to kill them. This discovery could help researchers create chemicals that eliminate mosquitoes resistant to existing insecticides.

A more environmentally-friendly strategy by which to combat disease-carrying bugs involves not killing them outright, but rather tinkering with their genes in ways that make them less threatening to humans. And, the researchers report, their new genome study offers several ideas for how to accomplish such genetic tweaking.

The first involves a bit of sex discrimination. Only female Ae. aegypti feast on blood; therefore, a reduction in females entails a reduction in virus transmission. Consulting the new genome, the researchers were able to pinpoint genes responsible for determining the sex of a mosquito, a finding that could be used to engineer male-only populations. And, as Matthews puts it: "No females, no biting, no disease."

Still, not all female mosquitoes carry viruses. Researchers were aware, for instance, that some Ae. aegypti cannot be infected by the dengue virus, and therefore cannot transmit it to humans. Using the new genome, the team was able to determine the location of genes that control susceptibility to the virus. And with further research, scientists may be able to alter Ae. aegypti DNA in ways that render the species incapable of spreading the disease.

"To effectively edit the genome of the mosquito, you need to know more than just the sequence of the genes involved," says Matthews. "You also need to know the sequence of the surrounding DNA regions, so that you know where to insert the desired genes. And that's why it's so important that this new genome is correct and complete."

A sequence of improvements

These findings highlight only a tiny fraction of the genome's potential applications. The Vosshall lab is actively using this tool to perform new experiments -- and they're not alone. A year prior to formally publishing their study, the group released their genome online. And almost immediately, scientists across the world started incorporating the data into their research.

"Once the genome was publicly available, people started digging into it," says Matthews. "Dozens, if not hundreds, of labs have already used it in their work, and that number will only grow with the publication of our paper."

This research has the potential to assist not only scientists studying mosquitoes, but also those attempting to improve the quality and availability of genomic resources for diverse species.

"In addition to getting the best genome for Ae. aegypti, we've also made a roadmap for how to assemble other tricky genomes -- without requiring 72 coauthors and three years of work," says Matthews. "This lays out a strategy for taking any organism and turning it into a genetically tractable animal. And I find that really exciting."