Advanced bladder cancers respond to immunotherapy regardless of gene mutation status

The findings are published in the British Journal of Cancer.

The National Cancer Institute estimates that 83,730 people in the United States will be diagnosed with bladder cancer in 2021, and the disease will cause 17,200 deaths. While the cancer is treatable when diagnosed early, the five-year survival rate is approximately 6 percent in advanced cases where the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Within that low survival group of patients, about 15 percent of their tumors have mutations in the FGFR3 gene, making the gene overactive and contributing to high mortality for the disease.

"Despite prior work suggesting that FGFR3-mutated bladder cancers should not be treated with immunotherapy, our study demonstrates the opposite, so we believe that immunotherapy should be offered without hesitation," said UNC Lineberger's William Y. Kim, MD, Rush S. Dickson Distinguished Professor of Medicine and professor of Genetics and the paper's corresponding author.

There have been several recent significant treatment advances for bladder cancer. In 2019, the FDA approved a drug, erdafitinib (Balversa), that targets FGFR3 and prolongs survival. Additionally, immune checkpoint blockade drugs, commonly known as immunotherapies, have recently been approved for advanced bladder cancer. Prior to this decade, treatment was primarily limited to systemic, platinum-based chemotherapy.

"Clinical trials have shown that bladder cancers with FGFR3 mutations have fewer immune cells, primarily T cells, than cancers without the mutation. Because tumors with low levels of immune cells tend to respond poorly to immune checkpoint blockades, it has been hypothesized that those patients would have low response rates to immunotherapy," said UNC Lineberger's Tracy Rose, MD, MPH, assistant professor at the UNC School of Medicine and the paper's co-first author.

To test the hypothesis, UNC Lineberger researchers designed a study to compare tumor tissue samples and clinical trials data from 17 patients with FGFR3-mutated bladder cancer to 86 patients whose tumors did not have the mutation. The investigators found that patients with FGFR3 mutations responded to immunotherapy equally as well as those without the mutations. At a cellular level, they also found equivalent diversities of T cell receptors and a similar balance of immune suppression and immune activation signals in tumors with and without FGFR3 mutations. This equivalency, or balance, indicates a similar chance of benefiting from immunotherapy.

"The standard of care for advanced bladder cancer is getting pretty complicated, but having more options is a good thing," Kim said. "Today, most patients will get chemotherapy and then, if needed, FGFR3-altered tumors can be treated with either erdafitinib or immunotherapy."

The researchers hope to establish a clinical trial to test whether patients with FGFR3 alterations benefit more from erdafitinib or immunotherapy.

"Our study does not rule out the possibility that erdafitinib will synergize with immunotherapy," said William Weir, co-first author and an MD-PhD student at UNC-Chapel Hill. "If anything, the fact that FGFR3-altered patients benefit from immunotherapy argues that this may be a reasonable approach."

Authors and disclosures

In addition to Kim, Rose and Weir, the paper's other authors at UNC include Mi Zhou, PhD, Matthew Nielsen, MD, Angela B. Smith, MD, Michele C. Hayward, RD, Ashley H. Salazar, Matthew I. Milowsky, MD, Sara E. Wobker, MD, MPH, and Katrina McGinty, MD; Patrick Eulitt, MD, formerly of UNC and now with Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers; Joshua M. Uronis, PhD, Gregory M. Mayhew, DrPH, Yoichiro Shibata, PhD, Michael V. Millburn, PhD, and Joel R. Eisner, PhD, at GeneCentric Therapeutics, Inc., Durham, NC; and Michael Woods, MD, Department of Urology, Loyola University, Melrose Park, IL.

This work was supported by a research collaboration agreement between Janssen Research & Development, LLC and GeneCentric Therapeutics, Inc. and a sponsored research agreement between GeneCentric and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Kim and Rose receive research funding from GeneCentric Therapeutics and Merck. Rose receives research funding from Genentech/Hoffman-La Roche and Bristol-Myers Squibb. The GeneCentric Therapeutics authors have stock interests in the company. Mayhew is a patent holder of the GeneCentric bladder cancer subtype classifier.