Even moderate picky eating can have negative effects on children's health

Although many families see picky eating as a phase, a new study from Duke Medicine finds moderate and severe picky eating often coincides with serious childhood issues such as depression and anxiety that may need intervention.

According to the study, published August 3 in the journal Pediatrics, more than 20 percent of children ages 2 to 6 are selective eaters. Of them, nearly 18 percent were classified as moderately picky. The remaining children, about 3 percent, were classified as severely selective -- so restrictive in their food intake that it limited their ability to eat with others.

"The question for many parents and physicians is: when is picky eating truly a problem?" said lead author Nancy Zucker, Ph.D., director of the Duke Center for Eating Disorders. "The children we're talking about are not just misbehaving kids who refuse to eat their broccoli."

Children with both moderate and severe selective eating habits showed symptoms of anxiety and other mental conditions. The study also found that children with selective eating behaviors were nearly twice as likely to have increased symptoms of generalized anxiety at follow-up intervals during the study, which screened an initial 3,433 children.

"These are children whose eating has become so limited or selective that it's starting to cause problems," Zucker said. "Impairment can take many different forms. It can affect the child's health, growth, social functioning, and the parent-child relationship. The child can feel like no one believes them, and parents can feel blamed for the problem."

The study found that both moderate and severe selective eating were associated with significantly elevated symptoms of depression, social anxiety and generalized anxiety.

Although children with moderate picky eating did not show an increased likelihood of formal psychiatric diagnoses, children with severe selective eating were more than twice as likely to also have a diagnosis of depression.

Children with moderate and severe patterns of selective eating would meet the criteria for an eating disorder called Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), a new diagnosis included in the most recent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

The findings also suggest that parents are in conflict with their children regularly over food -- which does not necessarily result in the child eating -- and families and their doctors need new tools to address the problem, Zucker said.

"There's no question that not all children go on to have chronic selective eating in adulthood," Zucker said. "But because these children are seeing impairment in their health and well-being now, we need to start developing ways to help these parents and doctors know when and how to intervene."

Zucker said some children who refuse to eat might have heightened senses, which can make the smell, texture and tastes of certain foods overwhelming, causing aversion and disgust. Some children may have had a bad experience with a certain food, and develop anxiety when trying another new food or being forced to try the offensive food again, she said.

"What's hard for physicians is that they don't really have data to help predict which children will age out of the problem and which children won't, and so they're trying to do the best they can with limited information and interventions," Zucker said.

Some children may benefit from therapy, which may include demystifying foods that cause anxiety through exposure. But traditional methods may not address children with sensory sensitivities, for whom some smells and flavors are too intense and may never be palatable. New interventions are needed to deal with children who have sensory sensitivity and frequent experiences of palpable disgust, Zucker said. Treatments also need to be better tailored to a patient's age range.

One benefit to spotting picky eating in young children is that it's a condition parents can easily recognize, and it could be a good tool for identifying who may be at risk for anxiety and depression.

"It's a good way to get high-risk children into interventions, especially if the parents are asking for help," Zucker said.

In addition to Zucker, study authors include William Copeland; Lauren Franz; Kimberly Carpenter; Lori Keeling; Adrian Angold; and Helen Egger.

The study was sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health (RC1-MH-088678, R01-MH-075766, R01-MH-081025).