Clinical decision tools in electronic medical records can reduce childhood radiation exposure

Researchers from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, National Library of Medicine, and Clemson University, led by Air Force Major (Dr.) Christopher W. Bunt, assistant professor in the Department of Family Medicine at USU's F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, conducted a study of 115 physicians from 17 military family medicine training programs to determine whether the clinical decision support system -- which encompasses a variety of tools to enhance decision-making in the clinical workflow-- and the order in which decision-support information is presented would impact physician imaging choices.

The increased use of CT may unnecessarily expose children to ionizing radiation. Risks associated with radiation exposure are greater in children due to their longer life span and greater radiosensitivity. Given the need to weigh risk and benefit prior to a medical test, physicians need to better understand doses of radiation associated with common imaging modalities. Although imaging guidelines and clinical decision support systems have been developed to improve appropriate use of medical imaging, these initiatives have been inconsistently adopted and are largely unavailable for children.

Using an American College of Radiology (ACR) Appropriateness Criteria pediatric clinical scenario, researchers examined how decision support provided in the electronic medical record just before they made their decision -- in the form of estimated radiation exposure coupled with current imaging guidelines -- influenced family physician selection of pediatric imaging modalities. Participants were broken into two groups: those who reviewed the ACR Criteria and then radiation exposure information and those who received radiation exposure information and then the ACR criteria.

Going into the study, ultrasound was the initial imaging modality of choice (between ultrasound, CT, MRI and multiple types of X-rays) for more than 70% of the participants. This was significant since ultrasound has no radiation exposure. In the group that viewed the ACR criteria prior to radiation exposure information, there was a significant change to their imaging choices, with ultrasound use increasing. In the second group, who reviewed radiation exposure initially, the effect was not noted.

"Busy clinicians in the civilian sector or in the military welcome information that helps them make a quick, safe and evidence-based decision. This study provides them with evidence that the information helps save kids from unnecessary radiation exposure," said Bunt. "As a parent, I want my kids to receive the imaging studies that they need to diagnose and treat illness or injury. Making sure that these decisions are supported by evidence and are safe for my children is extremely important. Our study helps parents feel comfortable about their clinician's decisions."