Serotonin's early role in assembly of brain circuits

In order to better understand serotonin's influence in the developing brain, Alexandre Dayer's team in the Psychiatry and Fundamental Neuroscience Departments of UNIGE's Faculty of medicine examined a particular receptor for this neurotransmitter, and its role in the formation of brain circuits. The researchers were able to show that this receptor, which is expressed in inhibitory interneurons (cells that regulate excitement in order to avoid potentially pathological cerebral over activity), was indispensable in order for neurons to find their correct location in the developing cortex.

Psychological vulnerability caused by incorrectly assembled cortical circuits? Through a series of experiments in mice, scientists were able to demonstrate that stimulating this receptor modifies the activity and migration of the interneurons during a specific phase in their migratory process. This mechanism allows them to position themselves correctly in the different layers of the cortex, a key step in the development of brain circuits. Conversely, a poorly functioning receptor can change the setup of the circuits, and could potentially explain the behavioural problems observed in the mice. Identifying the role of this receptor in the migration of cortical interneurons therefore makes it possible to propose a new mechanism for better understanding how early dysregulation of serotonin can alter the assembly of cortical circuits, and potentially cause increased vulnerability to mental illnesses.

This study opens the door to larger studies on the role of serotonin in brain development. "Our discovery poses several important questions," emphasised Alexandre Dayer, "including about the use of medicine by pregnant women which could modify fetal serotonin levels. We also want to understand how early stress acts on this receptor and modifies the function of the neurons in question." Professor Dayer's team is now working on these questions as part of the national "Synapsy" National Centre of Competence in Research.