Dialect influences Appalachian students' experiences in college

The Journal of Higher Education study raises important questions about language as a type of diversity that isn't always celebrated on campus, says lead author Stephany Dunstan, a linguist and associate director of assessment at NC State.

In their interviews, some rural Appalachian students recalled times when they spoke up in class only to be met with snickers for sounding "hillbilly" or "country." Others reported they had been hesitant to speak in class, felt singled out, dreaded oral presentations, tried to change the way they talked, and felt that they had to work harder to earn the respect of faculty and peers.

"When you think about it, dialect is the last acceptable personal trait to make fun of or try to 'correct,' although the way we speak is an important facet of identity,"Dunstan says. "In academic circles we seem to believe in the myth that there's only one acceptable form of "standard English" that scholars use. We also seem to believe that it's students' responsibility to change the way they speak to accommodate 'the standard,' rather than recognizing that we all speak dialects -- all of which have their own valid systems and patterns."

Dunstan analyzed dialect features of participants' speech (variation in pronunciation and grammatical features) by recording student interviews and having participants read a passage of text. She was looking for markers of stigmatized dialects associated with dialects of southern Appalachian English, which may carry stigma even among other Southerners. Examples include pronouncing "rice" like "rahs" or pronouncing "weight" like "white." Participants had graduated from high school in a rural Appalachian county, had lived in the area since childhood, and had at least one parent who was born and raised in Appalachia.

College attendance and graduation rates for students from rural areas are often lower than those of students from other regions for a number of reasons, but few studies have examined whether language plays a role, says co-author Audrey Jaeger, a higher education professor at NC State.

"Language is one of our most important social tools and it plays a huge role in daily life," Jaeger says. "There's an important connection in higher education between students' perceptions of belonging and competence and their rates of persistence and college completion."

While some students in the study felt their dialects posed a barrier to academic success, others refused to be intimidated.

"In particular, one bright, high-achieving student in the study essentially said, 'I'm not changing my speech. My grades speak for themselves,'" Jaeger says.

Dunstan, who conducts campus workshops about linguistic diversity, says universities should include a section on language diversity in their orientation and training programs.

"You don't have to be a linguist to recognize the variety of languages and dialects on campus," she says. "We want people to have an awareness and respect for the ways other people speak."