More power to the mitochondria: Cells' energy plant also plays key role in stem cell development

Specifically, the NYU Langone team found that blocking the action of the mitochondrial ATP synthase enzyme stalled egg cell development from stem cells in experiments in fruit flies, one of the main organisms used to study cell biology.

In further experiments with the flies, the research team found that ATP synthase was essential to normal stem cell development, directly controlling the growth and maintenance of the inner membranes inside mitochondria, called cristae, as the cells continue to divide and form the specific cell components that make up an egg, or female germ cell.

The study findings are to be published in the journal Nature Cell Biology online April 27.

"Our study results showed that ATP synthase has a new function during stem cell development and specifically for making an egg that is independent of its role to make ATP," says senior study investigator and cell biologist Ruth Lehmann, PhD, the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Professor of Cell Biology at NYU Langone and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.

Moreover, Lehmann says that because ATP synthase energy production is common among all cells that have a nucleus, it is highly likely that its structural role in early mitochondrial development is the same for all mammals, including humans. Indeed, Lehmann, who also serves as director of NYU Langone's Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and chair of its Department of Cell Biology, notes that earlier research reports described damaged or immature cristae in several animal species with compromised ATP synthase, but until now, no explanation or evidence existed to link this process to stem cell development.

The discovery is remarkable, Lehmann says, not just for outlining a new role for the mitochondria beyond energy production, but also because it appears that ATP synthase's role in stem cell development is independent of its power-generating role, first described in the 1960s and subject of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Experiments by Lehmann and her colleagues found that when any one of 13 key proteins tied to ATP synthase were blocked, egg development was disrupted or stalled. Blocking other enzymes involved in ATP production prior to the work of ATP synthase, however, did not damage egg development.

"Our team plans further investigations into precisely how ATP synthase biologically controls cristae development, and whether other developmental roles are influenced by mitochondria," says Lehmann.

For the study, which took two years to complete, researchers screened more than 8,000 genes known to be active in the developing fruit fly's germline, or stem cells usually predestined to become either egg or sperm. Only ATP synthase stood out and was active, even when other enzymes active in ATP production were turned off.