Molecular Gastronomy: Understanding physical and chemical processes of cooking and eating

During the Biophysical Society's 59th Annual Meeting in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 7-11, 2015, Christophe Lavelle, an expert in biophysics, epigenetics and food science who works for the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, France, will describe his research dedicated to gaining a deeper understanding of genome compaction within the cells in our bodies and the way it influences gene expression.

"While the link with cooking may not be immediately obvious, when you realize that not only are food transformations and gene expression both a matter of macromolecule structure and dynamics, but also that the types of food you choose to eat influence the expression of your genes, then you have two good reasons to be interested in molecular gastronomy and genome mechanics," said Lavelle.

The study of molecular biology got its start in the 1930s when physicists and chemists became interested in exploring life at its most fundamental level. Forty years later, Hungarian physicist Nicolas Kurti exclaimed: "It is a sad reflection on our civilization that while we can and do measure the temperature in the atmosphere of Venus we do not know what goes on inside our soufflés."

This paved the way for what Kurti and his French colleague Hervé This called "molecular gastronomy," dedicated to the study of the physical and chemical processes involved in cooking and eating.

"Biophysics can be defined as an interdisciplinary science using concepts and methods of physics to study biological matter," explains Lavelle. "So biophysics can naturally help us to understand what's occurring when we cook."

An egg white is 90 percent water, for example, but if you put it in the microwave for 10 seconds, although it remains 90 percent water its form changes enough so that you could bite into it. "There is obviously a lot of physics happening here," Lavelle noted.

Another quick example that most of us know is that when you slice into an apple it quickly starts to turn brown. But to avoid this, you can sprinkle it with lemon juice. "This time, some chemistry is probably involved," he said. "And since eggs, apples and lemon all come from nature, biology is obviously involved also!"

"These are just a few examples to introduce soft -- and sometimes living -- matter," Lavelle pointed out. "Taking an interdisciplinary approach that combines biopolymer physics, thermodynamics, physiology and macromolecule biochemistry -- among other subjects -- can help us to better understand culinary phenomena and ultimately influence the way we cook and what we choose to eat."

Food transformation and consumption phenomena also tend to generate puzzling questions, which Lavelle believes are actually "promising and appetizing" opportunities to raise interest in science and improve health among students and the general public.

The next step is to "merge human sciences with 'hard' sciences to reach a truly interdisciplinary knowledge of food -- following the Brillat-Savarin definition of gastronomy as 'the knowledge of all that relates to man as he eats,'" said Lavelle.