Why 'baking powder' doubles or triples efficiency of plastic solar cells

Plastic solar cells, also referred to as organic solar cells, use polymers instead of the usual silicon to convert the energy from sunlight into electricity. The use of plastic as basic material reduces the cost and weight of these solar cells, and makes them flexible. But their efficiency of around 10 percent still remains below that of commercial silicon solar cells, which reach efficiencies of between 15 and 20 percent.

Chance discovery

Around ten years ago, it was found by chance that the efficiency of plastic solar cells was increased by a factor of two to three times by adding an extra solvent ('co-solvent') during the production process. "These co-solvents are now used in all plastic solar cells," says TU/e professor René Janssen. "But nobody knew exactly why they have such a favorable effect on the efficiency."

Morphology

It was known that there was a connection with the 'morphology' of the solar cell, in other words the exact structure of two mixed plastic components in the cell between which electrons move under the influence of sunlight. These components -- both of them organic materials -- are dissolved during the production process, after which they evaporate and harden. The mysterious co-solvent is always added to the solvent before evaporation.

Droplet size

The Eindhoven researchers led by René Janssen used a combination of optical technologies to find a definitive explanation. They say that if they did not add a co-solvent, they found that large droplets were formed during the hardening of the plastic mixture. These have an adverse effect on the electron transport -- and as a result on the efficiency of the solar cell. "The more co-solvent you add to the solution, the smaller the bubbles turn out to be, until they disappear completely when a specific content is reached," says Janssen.

'Folding' and evaporating

They also found the reason for that. "There are two effects that arise during the hardening process," says Janssen. "On the one hand the solution evaporates, and as well as that polymers take on a 'folded' structure. We saw that the co-solvent makes this 'folding' process start at a much earlier stage, which means the bubbles are ultimately no longer formed at all." In this way the co-solvent acts as a kind of 'baking powder': it improves the structure of the mixture, but the agent in itself is not enough.

More effective

The researchers hope their findings will make the development of plastic solar cells more effective. "Up to now it was mainly a question of trial-and-error," says Janssen. "But now we can predict much more accurately what is likely to work, and what isn't."