Blood-sucking deer keds are spreading in Norway

Deer keds were first discovered in Norway in Halden in 1983. The parasite sucks blood, principally from cervids (moose, roe deer and red deer), but it also attacks humans and other livestock. In Finland, the parasite is regarded as a major obstacle to people's enjoyment of nature during the autumn when it swarms, and there are reports of increasing numbers of cases of skin inflammation in people bitten by deer keds.

Knut Madslien has monitored the spread pattern of deer keds in Fennoscandia, produced a description of pathological hair loss in moose in Southeast Norway in 2006/7 and studied environmental factors which can be favourable for the parasite and possible pathogens in the deer ked and its host.

The spread pattern was studied with the help of questionnaires amongst hunters and by using the website www.flattogflue.no. The results showed that the parasite's area of distribution now stretches from Lillesand in the south to Elverum in the north, with the greatest density along the border to Sweden.

The outbreak of hair-loss in moose in Southeast Norway in 2006/7 was probably due to an extraordinary high prevalence of deer keds, which in turn was most probably caused by a combination of high moose density and the particularly mild autumn of 2006.

A study of 350 moose killed in seven municipalities in Southeast Norway revealed that the coats of all the animals were infested with keds, but the density of the parasites varied to a significant degree. Madslien points to a clear positive connection between the amount of pine forest in the habitat of the moose and the infestation intensity of deer keds in the coats of the moose.

Madslien found a high prevalence of bacteria of the genus Bartonella spp., both in the moose's blood and in the keds themselves. Whereas moose outside the distribution range of the ked were infected with only one type of Bartonella bacterium, moose inside the distribution range were infected with two different Bartonella bacteria. These findings indicate that moose are a reservoir for Bartonella spp. and that deer keds act as vectors for Bartonella bacteria infections. However, it is not yet clear to what degree these bacteria can cause disease.

Measuring the stress hormone cortisol in the moose's coat was used as a method for appraising the long-term effect of the deer ked on the health and welfare of moose, but Madslien found that in general, there was little connection between the number of deer keds, the weight of moose at the time of slaughter and the level of cortisol in the hair. This indicates that moose can tolerate limited amounts of the parasite relatively well.

Madslien carried out his doctoral research at the Norwegian Veterinary Institute (VI), but researchers, engineers and students at VI, the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science (NVH), the University of Oslo (UiO), Hedmark Univeristy College (HiHe), the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Sweden's National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, and the University of Oulu, Finland, were key collaborators.

Cand.med.vet. Knut Madslien defended his doctoral research on 4th June 2013 at the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science with a thesis entitled "Deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) and moose (Alces alces) in Norway -- interactions between an invading ectoparasite, its host and the environment."