Visual details released of recently discovered methane seep

Scripps graduate students on a 2012 UC Ship Funds Program expedition aboard Scripps's research vessel Melville off San Diego County discovered the "Del Mar Seep" during the San Diego Coastal Expedition. Such methane seeps are fascinating environments because of their extraordinary chemical features, at times with bubbling methane streams, and often inhabited by odd and uniquely adapted creatures.

In 2013 the researchers returned to the site, at 1,020 meters (3,346 feet) depth, with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to collect samples that would allow them to compare the site to previously studied methane seeps. The team has issued results of a detailed characterization of the Del Mar Seep ecosystem in the August 2015 issue of the journal Marine Ecology.

"The diversity of habitat types we saw within this one seep was really striking," said Ben Grupe, a Scripps alumnus who led the study. "Some areas featured dense but patchy clam beds, others had sediments covered with bacterial mats, while others had snails and glass sponges living on large carbonate rocks."

The scientists also documented larger fish such as Longspine Thornyheads and Pacific Dover sole as well as lithodid crabs, leading to questions about whether this and other West Coast seeps might collectively influence fisheries and support nearby food webs on the continental margin.

A recent visit by Nautilus Live and the ROV Hercules observed sablefish (black cod), skates, and hagfish in and around the Del Mar Seep. This research cruise, which documented the impressive diversity of deep-sea habitats in Southern California, allowed Scripps researchers to recover experiments that were deployed two years prior. Grupe and Lisa Levin, a Scripps professor and study coauthor, hope to use these ongoing colonization experiments to learn more about how methane seep ecosystems might respond to natural or human-caused disturbances.

Chemical analyses of Del Mar Seep inhabitants, including various snails, worms, and sponges, revealed that some of the organisms are getting their nutrition from microbes that directly consume methane. Grupe says such methane consumption can be thought of as a filter that reduces the amount of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, released from the seafloor to the ocean (chemical tests show that the methane is likely produced by bacteria that consume organic material buried in sediments under the seafloor).

"If the community at this seep is taking up methane and converting it to other forms of carbon, that may be preventing additional methane gas from bubbling up into the wider ocean ecosystem," said Grupe.

As the first methane seep discovered in the region, the scientists say the Del Mar Seep will begin to provide clues about how methane seeps may be connected across vast distances with each other and with other ocean ecosystems.

"Finding a methane seep in our own backyard is a great opportunity for Scripps," said Levin. "There is the potential for more frequent visits and long-term observations, and for greater engagement of the public and students. My hope is that more people will learn about chemosynthesis-based ecosystems like this methane seep. As the ocean warms it is likely that more methane will be released from the seafloor, and seep ecosystems will expand."

In addition to Grupe and Levin, coauthors of the paper include Scripps alums Monika Krach, Alexis Pasulka, Jillian Maloney, and Christina Frieder. The San Diego Coastal Expedition was supported by UC Ship Funds, Rick and Patty Elkus, Julia Brown, and Steve Strachan. Grupe was supported by the Stout Foundation and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Krach was supported by the Secoy Foundation.