Study sheds new light on low-light vision, could aid people with retinal deficits

The findings, which appear in the April 21 edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, are significant for those who have suffered retinal damage or disease, said cognitive scientist Alyssa Brewer, the lead author.

"Previous research suggested that the two areas of the brain responsible for color processing received input only from cone photoreceptors -- the parts of the retina used in central, normal daylight vision for things like reading and seeing details and colors in a scene," she said.

However, Brewer and co-author Brian Barton, a postdoctoral researcher in cognitive sciences, employed functional MRI to determine that rod photoreceptors, which are only active under very low light, also play a role in the color experience and use the same neural pathways that cones do.

"This is surprising because there are no rods in the central part of the retina, the part we use to see fine details," Brewer said. "We are functionally blind in the center of our vision under low light, something we call a 'rod scotoma.'"

To compensate for this vision loss, people look at objects under low light at an angle that accesses the rod receptors.

This adaptation gives researchers an opportunity to track how the brain responds to what the eye sees without using central vision -- similar to the way individuals with retinal damage interpret what they see.

Brewer and Barton had test subjects sit in a completely dark room for 30 minutes and then view checkerboard stimuli under very low light while their brain activity was measured with fMRI. In addition to the neural pathway finding, they discovered that the brain adapts immediately to required shifts in vision -- a process previous work had said could take months.

"The amount and timing of the brain's ability to reorganize to compensate for a loss of visual input is very important for us to understand what types of rehabilitation can help recovery," Brewer said. "The temporary and reversible rod scotoma from low-light conditions provides an excellent way for us to study how the brain reacts and recovers from vision loss, something we found to be immediate rather than long-term."

"By being able to accurately track how the brain responds to retinal damage, we can begin to create new rehabilitation techniques that could help restore vision," she added.