The seeing power of frogs: Frogs can detect single photons of light

Scientists have known for some time that rod cells are sensitive to single photons. This was inferred based on statistical modeling in studies that used classical light sources such as lamps, lasers and light-emitting diodes that generate a statistical distribution of photons. In contrast, the light source developed by Leonid Krivitsky and co-workers at the A*STAR Data Storage Institute and A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology is a truly single-photon source and hence eliminates the need to statistically analyze measurement results, thus enhancing measurement accuracy1.

"Our method is both direct and universal," notes Krivitsky, "as it is not based on any particular statistical model of the cell response and thus does not involve any indirect assumptions."

In the developed light source, a nonlinear optical crystal is irradiated with light from an ultraviolet laser. Most photons pass directly through the crystal, but approximately one in a million is split into two visible-light photons having twice the wavelength (532 nanometers) of the original photon (266 nanometers). One of these two photons is detected by a photodiode and used to trigger an acousto-optical modulator, causing it to divert the second photon to a tapered optical fiber directed at a pipette containing a rod cell from a frog's eye (see image). Any signal produced by the rod cell is then detected.

Racing against the clock, since rod cells lose their viability after one to two hours, the researchers measured ten rods cells taken from ten different frogs. They found an average quantum efficiency of approximately 30 per cent -- very close to that of human rod cells estimated from behavioral experiments. Krivitsky notes that rod-cell efficiency is comparable to the quantum efficiencies of state-of-the-art human-made single-photon detectors such as photomultipliers (40 per cent) and avalanche photodiodes (50 per cent); remarkably, rod cells occupy an area of only 5 by 50 micrometers and contain their own power supply.

The new light source could be further used to investigate how the quantum efficiency varies with wavelength, since it is easy to vary the wavelength of the generated single photons.