Devil is in the detail: Evolution of color in plants and animals

In many species of plants and animals, individuals from the same population often come in different color variants. But the mystery has remained as to why one color doesn't eventually replace the other through natural selection.

Research published in the Journal of Evolutionary Biology has looked at a species of Central American freshwater fish to look at how different colors are maintained in the species.

Lead researcher, Will Sowersby, a PhD student at Monash University, said the reasons why different color morphs (color variants) existed in a population -- when in theory they should be equally subjected to natural selection -- was still a major question for evolutionary biologists and remained unknown for many species.

"The importance of this work lies in the fundamental question: how and why do variants of the same animal exist in nature," he said.

"Color variants of the same species are a striking example of biological variation, yet the adaptive significance and what evolutionary processes maintain them, remains unknown."

Sowersby said the team looked at a species of fish called the red devil cichlid, which comes in two colors -- one is dark (grey through black with dark patterns) and the other is gold, (yellow through red).

The gold colored fish is genetically dominate but the darker colored fish is much more common.

"With this species, the darker individuals appear to be able to alter the shade of their body color and patterns to better match their environment," he said.

"We wanted to assess whether this had a part to play in how different color morphs (color variants) can exist in a population, and why the gold color fish is rarer."

The researchers filmed the red devil cichlids over both dark and light surfaces. Screenshots were then analysed to measure the amount of change to the shade of the fish's body color. After analysis they found that the darker fish could alter its brightness to match the surface it was on, while the gold colored fish could not.

"These results suggest that differences in the ability to match backgrounds could play a potentially important role in maintaining color frequencies in the wild," Sowersby said.

The research team, including Associate Professor Bob Wong, School of Biological Sciences, and Dr Topi Lehtonen, University of Turku, hope to do more work in this area.

"Given the complexities of color variants in species, more work is needed to understand how differences in coloration might influence the susceptibility of dark and gold individuals to different predators and under different environmental conditions," Sowersby said.