High plutonium breeding of light water cooled reactors

The result of the study was published in January issue of Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology of Atomic Energy Society of Japan (AESJ) , entitled "Plutonium breeding of light water cooled fast reactors."

Introduction

Fast Breeder reactors (FBR) produce more fissile material than consuming, while producing electric power. It is a "dream of nuclear power." The main line of FBR development is the liquid metal cooled fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) . It is, however, not yet commercialized because of the complexity of the plant due to using liquid sodium as the coolant.

High plutonium breeding by light water cooling has been studied for many years, but not yet attained. Nuclear power plants and fossil fired power plant use water as the coolant. It is good to develop fast breeder reactor based on the experience of water coolant technologies.

Commercialization of nuclear fuel cycle and fast breeder reactors are important for reducing the amount of spent nuclear fuel of light water reactors (LWR) as well as the efficient utilization of uranium resources. Nuclear power utilization is in progress in many developing countries. Commercialization of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing in advanced countries enhances the nuclear security in the world.

High conversion light water reactors have been studied for many years since 1970 at research institutes and industry in Japan. The highest breeding characteristics were reported by the conceptual design study of the doubly axial heterogeneous core of a reduced moderation boiling water reactor (RMWR) . The compound system doubling time (CSDT) was, however, approximately 245 years. It is substantially longer than that of LMFBR.

New Concept

Breeding characteristics increases with decreasing the water to fuel volume ratio. Tight fuel lattice with narrow gap between fuel rods was adopted for RMWR. For further decreasing the water to fuel volume fraction, a new fuel assembly of closely packed fuel rods was devised. The new fuel assembly and its fuel lattice consisting of three fuel rods. The coolant flows through the central hole of fuel lattice. The integrity or the leak tightness of the fuel rod is maintained as the conventional fuel rod where both ends of the fuel cladding tube are welded by end plugs.

The reactor design was carried out by computational methods for the cores with new fuel assemblies. The highest breeding characteristics are obtained for the core layout of the fuel assemblies. The compound system doubling time is 43 years. It is substantially shorter than that of RMWR, 245 years.

Goal of breeding characteristics

The energy demand increases with the gross domestic product (GDP). The growth rate of GDP of seven advanced countries of OECD is 1.4% per year in 10 years. With this growth rate, the GDP becomes double in 50 years and the energy demand does. The breeding characteristic of Table1 is 43 years, shorter than 50 years. It means that the fast breeder reactors with the new fuel assembly meet the goal of energy demand growth of advanced countries.

Future Research and Development items

Reactor design of boiling water reactor (BWR) condition, safety design and evaluation, development of the new fuel assembly including testing, demonstration with a prototype reactor.

NOTES

Compound system doubling time (CSDT) : Time required for system of identical breeder reactors to double the fissile material in the system, assuming that the number of reactors is increasing at a rate such that all of the fissile material is being utilized.

Light water: Water of natural composition of H₂O and D₂O. It is a technical term of nuclear technology in order to distinguish heavy water consisting of pure D₂O.