Increased fructose consumption may deplete cellular energy in patients with obesity and diabetes

Now researchers at Duke University Medical Center believe they better understand what mechanism may account for fructose-related liver injury.

Chronic fructose consumption in a diet puts people at risk for depleting their store of critically important molecules called ATP, which provide liver cells (and other body cells) energy for important cellular processes, including metabolism.

"The stores of liver ATP are decreased in obese and/or diabetic individuals who chronically consume increased amounts of fructose-containing beverages," said lead author Manal Abdelmalek, MD, MPH, associate professor of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at Duke.

The study was published online at the Hepatology journal site on May 2.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is currently the leading cause of chronic liver disease in the United States. This condition can lead to elevated liver enzymes, inflammation and rarely even advanced scarring (cirrhosis) in individuals who do not drink alcohol. In obesity and/or diabetes, the ability of the cells to optimally make ATP may already be impaired.

Unlike other simple sugars, fructose requires ATP for its metabolism. The inability to optimally generate cellular energy as well and the continued consumption of ATP from chronic fructose ingestion can result in the liver's depletion of energy. ATP depletion may increase risk for inflammation and scarring in the liver.

"The state of being insulin resistant impairs the ability of a vital enzyme, AMP kinase, to make new ATP molecules," Abdelmalek explained. "Increased fructose consumption, and excess utilization of ATP favors the increase in molecules that lead to increased fatty acid synthesis as well as increased uric acid."

The researchers also noted that more uric acid is produced in the body when excess fructose is consumed. Too much uric acid is associated with conditions that include gout, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and uric acid stones, a form of kidney stones.

The silver lining is that measuring the amount of uric acid in these individuals may help doctors predict the presence and monitor the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Abdelmalek said.

Research Abdelmalek published in the Journal of Hepatology in 2008 showed that, within a small subset of patients, fructose-containing beverages were associated with NAFLD compared to patients with comparable weight, age, and gender. Her 2010 research, published in Hepatology, went further and linked fructose with the liver injury and scarring (fibrosis).

The current study evaluated adults enrolled in the NIH-sponsored Look Ahead Fatty Liver Disease Ancillary Study headed by senior author Jeanne M.Clark, M.D., MPH, at Johns Hopkins University. The researchers analyzed dietary questionnaires collected in patients who underwent a magnetic resonance imaging to measure liver fat as well as an intravenous fructose challenge to evaluate the liver's ATP stores and response to ATP depletion.

Patients enrolled in the Look Ahead study had been counseled on lower dietary sugar consumption for the management of diabetes. Despite the overall lower levels of fructose use in this study population, the researchers found evidence of liver ATP depletion in those who consumed more fructose.

"The fact we found a difference in liver ATP stores at lower levels of dietary fructose intake does suggest that higher fructose consumption (as would occur with the consumption of processed food and sweetened beverages) could deplete the liver of energy and thus risk causing worse metabolic problems and potentially even liver injury," Abdelmalek said. In the past 30 years, Abdelmalek and authors wrote, fructose consumption has more than doubled.

Other authors include Dr. Anna Mae Diehl, chief of the Duke Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology in the Department of Medicine; Mariana Lazo, Alana Horska, Susanne Bonekamp and Jeanne M. Clark, Departments of Epidemiology, Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science and Medicine, at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Division of Metabolism, Edward W. Lipkin, Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle; Ashok Balasubramanyam, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; John P. Bantle, Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and Richard J. Johnson, Division of Nephrology, University of Colorado, Denver.

The study was supported by NIH/NIDDK grants and the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine General Clinical Research Center, plus a NIH/NIDDK Career Development Award.