New measuring techniques can improve efficiency, safety of nanoparticles

University of Oregon chemist James E. Hutchison described his lab's recent efforts to monitor the dynamics of nanoparticles in an invited talk Feb. 28 at the American Physical Society's March Meeting (Feb. 27-March 2) in Boston, Mass. It turns out, Hutchison said, that simply reducing the amount of gold -- the material used in his research -- in the initial stages of the process used to grow nanoparticles allows for better maintenance of the particle size.

That accomplishment, he said, has important implications. The use of lower concentrations of the precursor that forms the nanoparticles virtually eliminates the ability of nanoparticles to aggregate together and thus prevents variations of sizes of the desired end product.

"What we saw while observing the production process with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was amazing," Hutchison, said in an interview before his lecture. "We realized that it is possible to reduce the concentration of gold and allow the particles to still grow, but shutdown the coalescent, or aggregation, pathway."

He also summarized his lab's use of chemically modified grids (Smart Grids) in transmission electron microscopy to study how nanoparticles are shed from common objects such as silverware and copper jewelry -- findings that were detailed in the journal ACS Nano in October. They studied the transformation of silver nanoparticles coated on Smart Grids as well as the common objects and found that all forms produce smaller silver nanoparticles that could disperse into the environment, especially in humid air, water and light -- and likely have been doing that throughout time without any known health ramifications.

"There may be many beneficial applications to nanotechnology, but they are only beneficial if the net benefits outweigh the deleterious implications for human health and the environment," said Hutchison, who holds the Lokey-Harrington Chair in Chemistry at the University of Oregon.

These new monitoring and measuring techniques, he said, are vital to help understand what modifications are possible in the processes that grow nanoparticles for a desired product. Using green chemistry, he added, can help assure both efficiency and stability of a product, which, in turn, will lower the risk of unwanted environmental or harmful human-health consequences.

"Advancing the safe implementation of nanotechnology is vital to many fields, from electronics to medicine and materials science, in general," said Kimberly Andrews Espy, vice president for research and innovation at the UO. "Professor Hutchison has been a leader in the University of Oregon's efforts to promote green chemistry in this effort, and his work continues to set examples on how best to use it."

Hutchison is co-author of "Green Nanotechnology Challenges and Opportunities," a white paper published by the American Chemical Society's Green Chemistry Institute, and the National Research Council report, "A Research Strategy for Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials." He also was the founding director of the Safer Nanomaterials and Nanomanufacturing Initiative (SSNI) of the Oregon Nanoscience and Microtechnologies Institute (ONAMI), a state signature research center.