Potential anti-cancer therapy that starves cancer cells of glucose identified

Cancer chemotherapy can be a rough ride, in part because most of these drugs don't distinguish between what's cancerous and what's not. The chemicals attack all rapidly dividing cells, from cancer cells, to blood cells and the cells that make hair. However, drugs that target a biological phenomenon only found in cancer cells, such as the compound recently discovered by Stanford researchers, could efficiently fight the disease with minimal side effects. The finding will be published Aug. 3 in Science Translational Medicine.

"This study demonstrates an approach for selectively inhibiting the ability of cancer cells to take up glucose, which is a pretty powerful way of killing those cells," said senior study author Amato Giaccia, PhD, professor and director of radiation oncology.

The researchers focused their study on the most common form of kidney cancer in adults, renal cell carcinomas, which constitute almost 2 percent of all cancers in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The disease is resistant to typical chemotherapies, and patients often have to have the affected kidney removed. Nearly 90 percent of these cancers carry a specific genetic mutation that leads to uncontrolled cell growth.

"Most normal tissues in the body don't possess this mutation, so a drug that targets this vulnerability should be very specific for cancer cells," said Giaccia, who is also a member of the Stanford Cancer Institute.

With the help of the Stanford High-Throughput Bioscience Center, the team tested a library of 64,000 synthetic chemical compounds on tumor cells with that mutation and then looked for signs of cell death.

The screen produced two candidate cancer drugs, one reported by Giaccia in 2008, STF-62247, which is now in preclinical testing. The other, STF-31, described in the new study, kills cancer cells in a different way, so a combination of the two drugs would allow a multipronged attack. "Or, if a cancer becomes resistant to one compound, you have another option," said Denise Chan, PhD, former postdoctoral researcher at Stanford and co-first author of the new study.

Most renal cell carcinomas produce energy through a biochemical process called aerobic glycolysis, one that healthy cells don't typically require. The energy-making process is dependent on the cells' ability to take up glucose from their environment. "The cells that we are targeting are highly dependent on glucose transport for energy production," said Chan, who is now an assistant professor at UC-San Francisco. "This compound stops the cells from transporting glucose, so it starves them."

Renal cell carcinomas aren't the only cancer cells that are glucose gluttons. Many cancers turn up their rate of glucose import, a fact used by doctors to monitor cancers in live patients. Doctors can inject a radioactively labeled glucose and follow its uptake in the body with PET scanning. Using a similarly labeled glucose, the team found that STF-31 reduced the amount of glucose the cancer cells could ingest, thus robbing them of their energy source.

The team also tested the compound in a mouse model of kidney cancer and found that STF-31 nearly halved the amount of glucose imported by tumors and slowed tumor growth. In mice, at least, the drug appears to have few side effects. Mice treated with the compound for 14 days had no apparent damage to their normal tissues: They maintained a normal immune system and normal numbers of blood cells. "The other major tissue that comes up when you think glucose transport is the brain, and we didn't see any toxicity with the brain," said Chan.

Further experiments showed that STF-31 binds directly to a glucose transporter, probably blocking the pore of the channel-like molecule, computational modeling predicts. The team hopes to find other cancer types that are dependent on the same glucose transporter. Palo Alto biotechnology company Ruga Inc., co-founded by Giaccia, has licensed the drug for preclinical testing. Giaccia is on the company's scientific advisory board; Chan serves as a consultant.

Former Stanford MD/PhD student Patrick Sutphin is a co-first author with Chan. Other Stanford co-authors are former postdoctoral scholars Sandra Turcotte, PhD, Edwin Lai, PhD, and Jen-Tsan Chi, MD, PhD; current postdoctoral scholar Alice Banh, PhD; former master's student Phuong Nguyen, MD; David Solow-Cordero, PhD, director, and Jason Wu of Stanford's High-Throughput Bioscience Center; veterinary pathologist Donna Bouley, DVM, PhD; and assistant professor of radiation oncology Edward Graves, PhD. The Stanford researchers collaborated with colleagues at Duke Medical Center in North Carolina and the University of Auckland in New Zealand.

The study was funded by Action to Cure Kidney Cancer, the Cecile and Ken Youner Fund for Cancer Research, the Association for International Cancer Research, the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery and the National Cancer Institute.