High-sugar Diet Increases Men's Blood Pressure; Gout Drug Protective, Study Finds

“This is the first evidence of a role of fructose in raising blood pressure and a role for lowering uric acid to protect against that blood pressure increase in people,” said Richard Johnson, M.D., co-author of the study and professor and head of the division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension at the University of Colorado–Denver medical campus in Aurora, Colo.

In the study, excessive fructose consumption seemed to increase new onset of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, the gout drug seemed to halt it — most likely by lowering uric acid, which affects blood pressure.

Fructose, one of several dietary sugars, makes up about half of all the sugar molecules in table sugar and in high-fructose corn syrup, a sweetener often used in packaged products because it’s relatively cheap and has a long shelf life. Glucose makes up the other half. Fructose is the only common sugar known to increase uric acid levels.

Patients with high blood pressure, diabetes and kidney disease often have high uric acid levels and gout. But all the ways in which those conditions might contribute to the development or worsening of the others isn’t completely understood, Johnson said.

Johnson and co-author Santos Perez-Pozo, M.D., a nephrologist at Mateo Orfila Hospital in Minorca, Spain who led the study, evaluated 74 adult men, average age 51, who consumed a diet that included 200 grams (g) of fructose per day in addition to their regular diet. The amount is much higher than the estimated U.S. daily intake of 50 g to 70 g of fructose consumed by most U.S. adults. Half of the men were randomly assigned to get the gout drug allopurinol and the other half acted as controls.

After only two weeks on the diet, the high-fructose plus placebo group experienced significant average blood pressure increases of about 6 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) in systolic blood pressure (the pressure when the heart beats) and about a 3 mm Hg rise in diastolic blood pressure (the pressure between heartbeats). They were measured with strap-on monitors that record blood pressure periodically around the clock.

In contrast, men on the high-fructose diet plus allopurinol had significantly lower uric acid levels and virtually no increase in systolic blood pressure (only 1 mm Hg). The blood pressure levels of most of the men returned to normal within two months of the study’s conclusion when the participants returned to their normal dietary intake, Johnson said.

The study also found changes in the incidence of metabolic syndrome. The United States and the international community define the syndrome slightly differently, so researchers used both criteria in the study. In general, metabolic syndrome is defined as having three or more of these five risk factors:

• Increased waist circumference;
• High triglyceride levels;
• Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), a component of total cholesterol thought to have a protective effect;
• High blood pressure; and
• High fasting blood sugar.

After just two weeks, the incidence of metabolic syndrome more than doubled in the men who consumed a heavy fructose diet and took the placebo pill. The incidence went from 19 percent at baseline to 44 percent at the study’s end, according to the U.S. National Cholesterol Education Program-ATP III (NCEP–ATP III) definition, and from 25 percent to 58 percent under the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition.

Among men consuming fructose plus allopurinol, virtually no change in the rate of metabolic syndrome occurred — perhaps because the gout drug prevented the blood pressure rise associated with increased fructose consumption.

The study should be viewed as a pilot and more investigations are needed before doctors consider lowering uric acid in the clinical setting, said Johnson, noting that allopurinol can have rare but serious side effects.

Men in both groups had an increase in fasting triglycerides and an indication of insulin resistance by a method called homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), while on the increased fructose diet. The HOMA method is used to quantify insulin resistance and beta-cell function. Allopurinol treatment appeared to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), a component of total blood cholesterol linked to the development of cardiovascular disease, compared to placebo, the researchers reported.

“These results suggest that fructose may be a cause of metabolic syndrome,” Johnson said. “They also suggest that excessive fructose intake may have a role in the worldwide epidemic of obesity and diabetes.”

Fruit, which has just 4 g to 10 g of fructose per serving, also contains many beneficial substances including antioxidants, vitamin C, potassium and fiber that are believed to counter the effects of fructose alone. The main risk for excessive fructose consumption in the Western diet comes from sweetened drinks and foods rich in sugar or high fructose corn syrup, he said.

“When you give fructose to animals, they absolutely develop every feature of metabolic syndrome: they get abdominal fat, high triglycerides, low HDL, their blood pressure goes up and they get insulin resistance,” Johnson said. “However, you must give massive amounts of fructose to rats to raise uric acid levels, because rats and most other animals have an enzyme that breaks down uric acid. Humans lack that enzyme. It turns out humans get gout but other animals don’t.”

If you inhibit the enzyme in rats that breaks down uric acid, it takes only a small amount of fructose to cause uric acid to rise and the symptoms of metabolic syndrome to appear in the animals, he said.

Johnson’s other co-authors are Jesse Schold, Ph.D., and Julian Lopez Lillo, M.D.

The National Institutes of Health funded the study.

Timing of fructose intake affects weight gain, blood pressure and behavior

Researchers found that abnormalities in blood pressure and weight gain were linked to the timing of the availability of fructose, a dietary sugar, in a study conducted in mice. When sugary liquids were consumed during the day (the usual sleeping period for mice), mice showed greater weight gain and a reversal in blood pressure rhythms.

Researchers implanted small ambulatory monitors to measure blood pressure around the clock in mice. Mice were given either continuous access to fructose water (10 percent) or restricted access for 12 hours during the day (light) or 12 hours at night (dark).

“The first thing we noticed was that the mice on restricted access rushed to their drinking bottles to load up on the sweetened beverage, similar to teenagers who drink too many soft drinks,” said Mariana Morris, Ph.D., study co-author and vice president for graduate studies and chair of the Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, in the Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio.

Researchers reported that groups consuming fructose continuously or during the dark period, showed an increase in blood pressure with a characteristic spike during the night when mice are usually active.

However, in mice that consumed fructose during the day, the blood pressure pattern was reversed, high in the day and low in night. The blood pressure change was also associated with higher stress hormone levels.

“The reversal in the day/night rhythm is similar to the pattern seen in human diabetics, suggesting the timing of fructose intake may be important in cardiovascular pathologies,” Morris said.

Researchers also observed increased weight gain in mice given fructose during the light period. This weight gain occurred even though total calorie consumption (fructose water and solid food) was similar.

“This model may be similar to the human condition of night time binging of fructose laden foods and beverages,” Morris said. “The results indicate that consideration must be given not only to the amount of calories consumed but also the timing of intake.”

Co-authors are Swapnil V. Shewale, a master’s degree candidate and Danielle Senador, Ph.D., a postdoctoral associate.