Pancreatic Fat Levels May Help Predict Diabetes

Until now.

Scientists at UT Southwestern Medical Center are the first in the U.S. to use an imaging technique called magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure the amount of pancreatic fat in humans. Though scientists worldwide already use MRS to investigate a number of diseases including breast cancer and epilepsy, the UT Southwestern group has successfully used the noninvasive method to measure pancreatic fat.

Findings from a new UT Southwestern study available online and in a future issue of the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolismsuggest that measuring pancreatic fat content in people could one day serve as an effective clinical tool to identify those at high risk of diabetes and monitor interventions designed to prevent the disease.

"These are very early results, but if they hold true, pancreatic MRS would be a fast and noninvasive test to screen people at risk for diabetes either because they're obese or they have a family history of type 2 diabetes, or metabolic syndrome," said Dr. Ildiko Lingvay, assistant professor of internal medicine at UT Southwestern and lead author of the study. "It could potentially tell physicians which patients are most likely to develop diabetes in the near future and thus are in need of more aggressive interventions."

MRS is a specialized technique similar to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It uses no radiation and is completely noninvasive. The test generally takes 20 to 30 minutes. Whereas an MRI can tell clinicians where a tumor is located, MRS can tell those physicians whether the tumor is malignant by providing biochemical information about specific tissues in the body rather than simply detecting the existence of those tissues, Dr. Lingvay said.

For this study, researchers used MRS to measure the amount of pancreatic fat in 79 adult volunteers. The research team obtained duplicate measurements one to two weeks apart from 33 study participants to make sure the results could be replicated over time.

The volunteers were divided into four groups according to their body mass index (BMI) and glucose tolerance. BMI is a weight-to-height ratio commonly used in to gauge obesity. A normal BMI is between 18.5 and 25; someone with a BMI of 40 or more is considered morbidly obese. All participants underwent numerous physical measurements including height, weight and blood pressure in addition to extensive clinical evaluations.

Using MRS, the researchers found that the overweight and obese volunteers had significantly more pancreatic fat than did those in the lean group. The volunteers who had similar BMIs but had already developed either pre-diabetes or diabetes had even more pancreatic fat.

MRS has not been approved for routine clinical use, but Dr. Lingvay said this research shows that it could be a very valuable tool for studying the pancreas without a biopsy. "This technology represents a good opportunity for clinicians to pursue research that hasn't been possible because of the lack of advanced tools," she said.

The next step, Dr. Lingvay said, is to determine whether reducing the amount of fat in the pancreas lowers diabetes risk.

Other UT Southwestern researchers involved in the study included Dr. Victoria Esser, associate professor of internal medicine; Jaime Legendre, recipient of a Clinical Research Fellowship from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; Dr. Angela Price, postdoctoral clinician trainee in internal medicine; Kristen Wertz, research associate in internal medicine; Beverley Adams Huet, assistant professor of clinical sciences; Dr. Song Zhang, assistant professor of clinical sciences; Dr. Roger Unger, professor of internal medicine; and Dr. Lidia Szczepaniak, former assistant professor of internal medicine and radiology.

The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation.