New Treatment Suitable For All Patients With Least Treatable Brain Tumors, Study Suggests

Waldemar Debinski, M.D., Ph.D., senior researcher and director of the Wake Forest Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, predicts that the cocktail could be tested in patients within five years.

The treatment would be based on the first-ever documented "molecular signature" of GBM tumors. The researchers had previously reported that three different proteins are found in high levels individually in these cancers. In the current study, reported in Clinical Cancer Research, they examined 76 specimens of brain tumor, including 46 GBMs, and nine normal brain samples, to determine how frequently the markers appeared together.

Expression of all three markers was significantly higher in GBM tissue compared to normal brain and to brain tumors that aren't as aggressive as GBM. Particularly important was that all GBM tumors had at least one of the markers present and 95 percent of tumors had at least two.

"This finding offers a unique opportunity for treatment," said Debinski. "Without any pre-therapy testing, we would know for sure that at least one of these targets is highly present in each patient and that the patient is suitable for the combination of off-the-shelf drugs. It is like having a crystal ball."

In a recent issue of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, the researchers reported developing a potent treatment targeted to one of the proteins (EphA2). In addition, a drug targeted to a second protein, interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13RĄ2), is already being tested alone in a phase 3 clinical trial. In this trial, the second protein is showing significant benefits to patients, and newer generations are in development. The team is working to develop a drug to target a third marker (Fra-1).

GBM tumors are often resistant to current treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The mean survival rate of patients with GBM is about 14 months and has improved only slightly over the past decades.

"Developing molecularly targeted therapies using genetically engineered bacterial toxins represents an attractive option that may improve outcomes," said Debinski.

The fact that the three markers were not found in healthy brain tissue suggests that the proteins are highly suited as targets for therapies designed to kill cancer cells and spare healthy brain tissue. In Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, the team reported success creating a drug to kill cancer cells that have high levels of EphA2. The drug, which would be delivered by catheters directly to the tumor, was created by chemically linking a protein that binds to EphA2 with a modified bacterial toxin.

In the laboratory, the treatment potently killed all of the over-expressing EphA2 cells within 48 hours. It was also effective at reducing tumors in mice. The researchers compared the treatment's potency to the drug Debinski had previously developed to target cells that express IL-13RĄ2.

"Both were extremely effective and highly potent," said Debinski. "Some of the tumor cells responded to the IL-13 cytotoxin, some responded to EphA2-targeted cytotoxin and some responded to both. This illustrates why we need a cocktail to cover as many patients as possible."

He said this combination treatment might also apply to breast, pancreas and prostate cancers, which also have high levels of these proteins.

The third marker, Fra-1, is believed to control the malignant features of brain tumor cells, such as the development new blood vessels to "feed" the tumor.

An additional benefit of targeting the three proteins is that the drug cocktail affects targets residing in the GBM cellular signaling pathways, including a pathway (epidermal growth factor receptor vIII) that is known to control the expression of all three proteins. These pathways are known to be important in tumor progression.

"With the drug cocktail we may be taking care of cancer cells that are really important for tumor survival," said Debinski. "It may be the best of two worlds."

The research was funded by the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Wake Forest Brain Tumor Center of Excellence. Co-researchers were Jill Wykosky, Ph.D. candidate, lead author of the two manuscripts, Denise M. Gibo, B.S., and Constance Staton, M.D., all with Wake Forest.