The Role Of Copper, Iron In Diseases: Interdisciplinary Project Targets Disruptions Of Metal Ion Balance In Human Cells

Now, a research team led by scientists at Oregon Health & Science University is working full time at the molecular level of medicine to find out.

These "metallobiochemists" are part of an interdisciplinary research program that has become one of the first in the nation to focus on understanding metal homeostasis in human cells and its disruption not just in Wilson's and Menkes diseases, but also diseases such as hemochromatosis, Lou Gehrig's disease and even mad cow disease, all of which may be linked to errors in metal metabolism.

The research explores molecular mechanisms regulating primarily copper and iron concentrations in normal and diseased cells. The metals are essential to a wide range of biological processes, and aberrations in their metabolism lead to life-threatening and disabling disorders.

Svetlana Lutsenko, Ph.D., associate professor of biochemistry and molecular biology in the OHSU School of Medicine, is leading the multifaceted project titled "Metal Ion Regulation in Human Cells." The effort unites several research laboratories studying the distribution of metals at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels, including teams from OHSU's schools of medicine, science and engineering, and dentistry, the University of Illinois at Chicago and the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena.

"It's very important to understand the regulation of metals in cells," Lutsenko said. "It's a fairly new area of research we really wanted to develop. We're trying to dissect normal metal metabolism and to understand the effect of metals on disease progression."

Vital to the project's success is the "metal ion core," a collection of precision lab equipment that includes a mass spectrometer to study metal-induced modifications of proteins; an atomic absorption spectrometer to measure metal concentrations in cell and tissue samples; and a confocal microscope to look at protein "trafficking" within the cell and at distribution of genes involved in metal metabolism in various tissues.

The core "brings us to a new level of accuracy, sophistication, and sensitivity of measurements," Lutsenko said.

Copper, which the human body requires for embryo development, connective tissue formation, temperature control and nerve cell function, is a major focus of the project. The research team is tracking copper movement at three levels: uptake into the cell, which is mediated by a newly discovered protein called hCtrl; delivery to specific copper-dependent molecules within the cell by "metallochaperone" proteins known as Atox1 and hCCS; and removal from the cell by proteins called copper-transporting ATPases.

Of particular interest to the researchers is the chaperone protein Atox1. Researchers hope to learn how Atox1 and the copper-transporting ATPase find each other in a cell, how copper is transferred from Atox1 to disease proteins, which are mutated forms of ATPases, and determine the specific molecular consequences of the copper transfer.

Ninian Blackburn, Ph.D., professor of environmental and biomolecular systems at OHSU's OGI School of Science & Engineering and a metal ion project investigator, is studying the interaction between the chaperones and target proteins, a system that, under normal conditions, ensures the concentration of free copper is kept at a negligible level.

"There are literally tens of thousands of proteins in a cell," Blackburn said. "How does the cell know where to place the metal in this huge sea of proteins? That's what the chaperones do. They're like taxis that collect the metal from the uptake protein at the cell membrane and take it to right target protein. What we're trying to do is understand how they know where to go, how they actually carry out this feat."

Researchers also will study the structure and function of the copper-transporting ATPases, which are central to the copper metabolism and, when mutated, are associated with Menkes and Wilson's diseases.

Menkes disease occurs when dietary copper is trapped in intestinal cells and is abnormally low in tissues. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Menkes infants, mostly males, are born prematurely and suffer from stunted development, as well as seizures, failure to thrive, low body temperature, and kinky, colorless and fragile hair. There is no cure for the disease and it is usually fatal by age 10.

Wilson's disease is caused when excessive copper accumulates in the body, leading to liver disease in about 40 percent of patients as well as neurological problems, including tremors, rigidity, drooling, difficulty with speech, abrupt personality change, and unusual behavior associated with neurosis and psychosis. If untreated, it is generally fatal by age 30.

Iron metabolism and its link to hemochromatosis is being studied as well by OHSU investigators. An inherited disease, hemochromatosis occurs when the body absorbs and stores too much iron, allowing it to build up in the liver, heart and pancreas and triggering their failure. Caroline Enns, Ph.D., professor of cell and developmental biology in the OHSU School of Medicine, is tracking the defective gene that causes the disease.

"There is a very tight link between copper and iron metabolism," Lutsenko said. "Studying the systems in parallel is mutually beneficial. The experimental approaches will be very similar and we expect to discover interesting connections."

The metal ion project began earlier this year following grants from the Oregon Opportunity medical research funding effort and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. It is the product of a National Institutes of Health program called "Metals in Medicine" that promotes studies on the ways organisms control metal ion transition in cells, and the roles that metals play on cellular regulation and cell-to-cell signaling.

The "Metals in Medicine" program is among the priorities of the United States Public Health Service's "Healthy People 2010" initiative, a set of health objectives for the nation to achieve over the first decade of the new century.

"There's definitely an increased awareness of the importance of metal ions in the general medical research community," Blackburn said. "We have had a lot of interest from colleagues who realize the importance of these metals."

Menkes and Wilson's diseases are just two examples of diseases that are linked to aberrant copper metabolism, he said.

"Anemias are iron deficiencies. The ability of cancers to generate vascular systems has been linked to the roles of various metals complexes," Blackburn explained. "So there are growing numbers of diseases that are known or suspected of being associated with deficiencies in these metal transport processes."

He added that the work of the metal ion research group involves "really getting down to the nitty-gritty within the cell."

"As scientists these days, in order to really understand disease, we have to understand the cell functions at the molecular level," he said. Proteins "are like these little molecular machines that handle all this complex chemistry that goes on in the cell."