We infer a speaker's social identity from subtle linguistic cues

"Our findings show that language is a powerful tool for communication, not just in the traditional sense, but also in this more implicit, subtle manner," explains lead researcher Shanette Porter of the University of Chicago. "Two people can use strikingly similar words but convey very different messages about their beliefs about others, their attitudes toward others and, as we find in the present research, who they are."

Prior research has shown that people express beliefs, values, and stereotypes about others through subtleties in the way they use language -- that is, they communicate not only through what they say, but how they say it.

Describing a person's behavior concretely, using action verbs -- for example, "Sam hit her friend" -- typically signals that the behavior is a one-time occurrence and not necessarily characteristic of that person. Describing someone's behavior using adjectives and nouns, on the other hand -- for example, "Sam is violent" -- comes across as more abstract and suggests that the behavior may reflect a personal trait.

Prior research has also demonstrated that we tend to use these linguistic subtleties in a favorable way when we're talking about people who belong to the same group as us: We're likely to use abstract language in discussing their desirable behaviors and concrete language in describing their undesirable behaviors. If we're talking about someone from another group, however, the pattern reverses -- we tend to use concrete language to describe positive behaviors, and abstract language to describe negative ones.

Porter and colleagues hypothesized that people can pick up on these linguistic nuances, and use them to identify whether a speaker is likely to share a group membership with the person he or she is talking about.

In one online study, the researchers asked participants to "imagine that someone is communicating with you about a man named Peter." For half of the participants, it was implied that Peter was a Democrat, and for the other half, it was implied that Peter was a Republican.

All participants were then asked to read a passage in which an unknown speaker described Peter's helping and rude behavior. Some participants read a statement in which the speaker described Peter's helping behavior in abstract terms (e.g., "On one occasion, there is a person in a wheelchair who needs assistance getting up a ramp. Peter reaches for the handles of the wheelchair. Peter is helpful.") and his rude behavior in concrete terms. Other participants read a statement in which the speaker described Peter's helping behavior in concrete terms (e.g., "On one occasion, there is a person in a wheelchair who needs assistance getting up a ramp. Peter reaches for the handles of the wheelchair. Peter pushes the wheelchair up the ramp.") and his rude behavior in abstract terms.

The results showed that participants were sensitive to these linguistic cues. Those who read about Peter's desirable behavior in abstract terms (and undesirable behavior in concrete terms) were more likely to believe that the speaker and Peter were part of the same social group than were participants who read about Peter's helping behavior in concrete terms (and rude behavior in abstract terms).

These findings emerged regardless of whether participants believed Peter's social identity was Democratic or Republican. In another study, the researchers found the same pattern of results for Christian group affiliation.

And additional findings revealed that when these linguistic cues were available, participants used them to determine speakers' social group identity, even when they weren't explicitly asked to make such a categorization.

Importantly, there was no evidence that participants' own political, religious, or other group affiliations had an impact on their categorizations of the speakers' social group membership. But the data did show a trend suggesting that participants' own group affiliations influenced whether they liked the speaker.

According to Porter, these findings have implications for those interested in persuasion:

"The interplay between a communicator's language and audience members' social identities is an important issue for marketers, politicians, anyone who wants to persuade a person or group of people."

But the research has relevance for anyone who uses language to communicate, says Porter:

"It may be useful for any of us to know that when we write or speak, our audience perceives a great deal of information from very small variations in the way in which something is communicated."