Unique production experiment in progress: Turning waste cotton into new fiber for fashion industry

Advancements in recycling technology are challenging both consumers and businesses: Organic waste in the form of clothing may as of 2016 no longer be disposed of by landfill. The Circular Economy of Textiles (TEKI) project is aimed at piloting and modelling a closed-loop ecosystem in line with the principles of the circular economy, which will form the basis of a new way to make industrial use of textile waste that cannot be reused.

For the purpose of the TEKI project, VTT and Ethica have brought together a group of Finnish organisations representing different activities in the value chain. The common goal of the organisations is to promote the recycling of textiles while adding value to their business activities or creating new business. Ethica's role in the project is to research and model the potential of a closed-loop textile ecosystem more comprehensively and to gauge consumers' interest in operating models that are based on the principles of circular economy and recycled materials. The project also aims to study the technological requirements of dissolution-based recycling.

Cotton that is not suitable for reuse can be dissolved to make cellulose solution, which can be turned into new fibre. Cellulose fibre can be produced using the same technique and equipment as has been used to make viscose fibre for decades, but the new production technique is considerably more environmentally friendly than the technique used for viscose, as no carbon disulphide is needed in the dissolution process. Compared to virgin cotton, the new technique also reduces the water footprint by more than 70% and the carbon footprint by 40-50%.

"The wet-spinning phase of the project is due to begin in a month's time in a factory in Valkeakoski in Finland that has not been in use for a couple of years. Work done prior to this phase involves processing and dissolving pre-processed waste textiles. This is the first time that cellulose solution made from recycled materials is being wet-spun in an industrial scale. The fibre will be used to make new knitted fabrics," explains VTT's Senior Scientist Pirjo Heikkilä, who is responsible for coordinating the TEKI project. Phases of the circular economy pilot project in 2015 and 2016

The pilot phase of the TEKI project began in May 2015. Helsinki Metropolitan Area Reuse Centre Ltd has collected and pre-processed cotton textiles thrown away by consumers that could not be reused as clothing or used as material for recycled products.

SUEZ has crushed and ground the material.

VTT is currently in the process of turning the material into a cellulose carbamate solution using a technique developed in-house and will be fiberising the solution in Valkeakoski in October-November 2015.

Pure Waste will turn the fibres into thread and the thread into knitted fabrics.

Seppälä will design and produce a line of prototypes and, once the pilot phase of the project has been completed, manufacture a commercial clothing line for its customers towards the end of 2016. Seppälä will also involve its customers in the project by running a used clothes collection campaign in its stores in the spring of 2016.

The aim is to sell the garments in RePack packaging. Using recyclable RePack packaging means that customers receive products without the usual packaging waste. In addition, customers can use the packaging to return any old textiles they may have to the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Reuse Centre for recycling.