Volcanic vents preview future ocean habitats

Published in the journal Nature Climate Change, the researchers used natural CO₂ underwater seeps to study how entire ecosystems have been impacted by the resulting acidification of the water.

They compared ecosystems in the high-CO₂ levels found at volcanic vents in temperate waters in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres with adjacent ecosystems with present-day levels of CO₂. These underwater vents have specific sites that release CO₂ into the water at concentrations predicted for the end of the century.

"Human greenhouse gas emissions are rapidly acidifying our oceans," says project leader Associate Professor Ivan Nagelkerken, Australian Researcher Council (ARC) Future Fellow with the University's Environment Institute. "Using these CO₂ seeps, we've been able to get a unique preview of what the future ocean will look like under current projections for the end of the century -- and it's not good.

"Previous studies have largely looked at how single fish species are affected by acidification in laboratory experiments. But we used these 'natural laboratories' to see the effects on whole ecosystems, as well as how acidification affects the behaviour and physiology of individual species."

The study confirmed previous laboratory research which showed acidification of the water affects fish behaviour, for example, by reducing the escape response from predators.

But there were some surprising results. When the fish were close to shelter in their natural environment, this negative effect of acidification disappeared.

"We also found that some species were more abundant in the acidified waters. But these were common or generalist species such as gobie and triplefin fishes which doubled or even tripled in number to the detriment of other species," Associate Professor Nagelkerken says.

The most dramatic finding was the marked habitat shift found in the high-CO₂, acidified waters.

"As you swim from one area to the other you see a dramatic difference," says co-author Professor Sean Connell. "One minute you're in a kelp forest with one metre high kelp and lots of different fish. Then you move into the vent area where everything is barren with short turf algae, just a few centimetres high and devoid of the life and colour of the other areas.

"Ecosystems represent complex interactions between different species, and between species and their environment. Our research has given us a greater understanding of increasing CO₂ emissions as a driver of ecological change and what this might mean for future marine biodiversity and fisheries production."