Alaska glaciers make large contributions to global sea level rise

The study found that climate-related melting is the primary control on mountain glacier loss. Glacier loss from Alaska is unlikely to slow down, and this will be a major driver of global sea level change in the coming decades, according to the study's authors.

"The Alaska region has long been considered a primary player in the global sea level budget, but the exact details on the drivers and mechanisms of Alaska glacier change have been stubbornly elusive," said Chris Larsen, a research associate professor with the Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Larsen is lead author of the new study accepted for publication in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union.

The UAF and U.S. Geological Survey research team analyzed surveys of 116 glaciers in the Alaska region across 19 years to estimate ice loss from melting and iceberg calving. The team collected airborne lidar altimetry data as part of NASA's Operation IceBridge and integrated the new data with information from the 1990s collected by UAF scientist and pilot Keith Echelmeyer.

They combined the lidar observations with a new mountain glacier inventory that characterizes the size and shape of every glacier in the Alaska region, which includes the glaciers of Alaska, southwest Yukon Territory and coastal northern British Columbia.

"This large dataset of direct observations enabled a much more detailed assessment and attribution of recent glacier change than previously possible," Larsen said.

Mountain glaciers hold less than 1 percent of the Earth's glacial ice volume. The rest is held in ice sheets on Antarctica and Greenland. However, the rapid shrinking of mountain glaciers causes nearly one-third of current sea level rise, previous research has shown.

"Alaska has been identified for years as a big contributor in global sea level rise, but until now we have not had a clear understanding of the processes responsible for the rapid changes of these glaciers," said Shad O'Neel, a co-author of the new paper and geophysicist with the USGS Alaska Science Center in Anchorage.

The study used the airborne observations to compare the changes of two main types of glaciers: those that end on the land, and those that end in lakes or the ocean, referred to as calving glaciers. Any glacier can lose mass through surface melting, but only those ending in water can lose ice through iceberg calving.

"We've long wondered what the contribution of iceberg calving could be across the entire state," O'Neel said. He noted that Columbia Glacier in Prince William Sound has retreated more than 19 kilometers (12 miles) mostly because of iceberg calving and thinned by more than 450 vertical meters (1,500 vertical feet) since 1980.

Using the newly enabled ability to separate glaciers into different categories using the lidar data, the researchers made some surprising discoveries.

"Our results show the regional contribution of tidewater glaciers to sea level rise to be almost negligible," Larsen said. Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that end in the ocean. "Instead, we show that glaciers ending on land are losing mass exceptionally fast, overshadowing mass changes due to iceberg calving, and making climate-related melting the primary control on mountain glacier mass loss."

"This work has important implications for global sea level projections. With improved understanding of the processes responsible for Alaska glacier changes, models of the future response of these glaciers to climate can be improved," Larsen said.

"Thinking about the future, it means that rates of loss from Alaska are unlikely to decline, since surface melt is the predominant driver, and summer temperatures are expected to continue to increase. There is a lot of momentum in the system, and Alaska will continue to be a major driver of global sea level change in upcoming decades," he added.