Why do mushrooms turn brown?

Understanding the mechanism of enzyme tyrosinase pigmentation is currently of both medical as well as technological interest. The copper-containing enzyme is present in animals and humans and is essential for the protective pathway against UV radiation, it also simultaneously provides the elucidation and potential means with which to prevent the spoilage of food. Mushrooms were selected for the study due to their low cost and ready availability. In addition they are also a valuable target for researchers, largely because of their high enzyme content, fungi are ideal sources for potential studies of tyrosinase. The mushrooms therefore serve as a model organism for the study of the pathway involved in food spoilage.

Elucidation of an inactive precursor

Since 2012, it has become established that six different tyrosinases (PPO1 to 6) exist within the mushroom, two of which (PPO3 and PPO4) occur in larger quantities. The enzyme responsible for the mechanism of food spoilage is formed within eukaryotes (organisms that have a nucleus) as an inactive precursor during the developmental phase of an organism. This precursor is then activated via specific chemical cleavage. At this cleavage site, the protein segment covering part of the enzyme active site is removed and the substrates (tyrosine and other monophenols) can be accessed and take part in key chemical reactions.

New Method of Isolation and unique reagent leads to success

None of the previously established methods of isolation present in the literature could be successfully applied for PPO4. For the first time, at the Institute for Biophysical Chemistry of the University of Vienna, a method was developed that allows for the one stage isolation of latent tyrosinase from their natural source. The enzyme characterization was undertaken at the Department of Chemistry with close cooperation with the Institute of Mass Spectrometry lead by Andreas Rizzi, both within the University of Vienna. After sufficiently large quantities were extracted from pure PPO4, the researchers were able to identify and optimize appropriate crystallization conditions which produced well formed protein crystals. This was only possible with the use of a relatively unusual co-crystallization reagent, a polyoxometalate of the Anderson type.

Integral for medicine and biotechnology

The PhD student Stephan Mauracher worked at the University of Vienna, taking an essential part in this project as part of the University Initiative termed "Functional Molecules." Following this research it has been made possible to purify the enzyme in sufficient quantities for characterization. Ulrich Kortz, working at the Jacobs University of Bremen was responsible for synthesizing the polyoxometalate used and was a key proponent of its usage as an additive for protein crystallization.

The research project was then continued as FWF Initiative. "This research has allowed for the crystallization and three-dimensional structure of PPO4 to be resolved," says Anette Rompel.