Proboscis monkeys regurgitating their food, like cows

For Marcus Clauss, co-author of this Japanese study, these observations were sensational. He has been researching herbivores with a foregut-fermenting digestive system at the University of Zurich for many years; proboscis monkeys belong to this group of 'foregut fermenters', along with hippopotamuses, sloths, kangaroos and cows.

Unlike herbivores such as horses, rhinoceroses, rabbits and many other species of monkey, foregut fermenters have trouble digesting plant fiber in the colon: Their digestive system can't cope if too much food is ingested as the digesta passes through the foregut too quickly. In other words, they're condemned to cautious eating. Colon fermenters don't have that problem, however. These include species with a large food intake such as elephants or a low food intake like koala bears.

According to Clauss, only ruminants -- namely cows, buffaloes, deer, antelope, giraffes and camels -- have found a solution to the foregut problem. As they reduce the size of the digesta intensively, they can afford to ingest more food. And the proboscis monkey observations seem to support precisely this theory. They reveal that on the whole the monkeys eat longer and therefore presumably more on days when they display ruminant-like behavior than on other days.

So far, this behavior has only been observed in proboscis monkeys from a particular region in Malaysia. Whether this is a regional tradition or all proboscis monkeys display this behavior and it has just gone unnoticed thus far remains unclear.

Video available here.