Pollution with antibiotics leads to resistant bacteria, scientists find

Using a novel method, based on large-scale DNA sequencing, the Swedish scientists show that bacteria residing in Indian rivers are full of resistance genes, protecting them from otherwise effective antibiotics.

"Since we buy medicines from India, we share moral responsibility to reduce the pollution, says Joakim Larsson," associate professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, one of the scientists behind the study, published online in PLoS ONE.

"If the pollution contributes to resistance development in clinically important bacteria, it becomes our problem also in a very direct way," he says.

"We have combined large-scale DNA sequencing with novel ways to analyze data to be able to search for thousands of different antibiotic resistance genes in parallel," says Erik Kristiansson, assistant professor at Chalmers University of Technology.

"Such an approach may become useful also in hospitals in the future," he points out.

Several international experts, interviewed by the journal Nature, describe the results as worrying.

"Even if the bacteria found are not dangerous to humans or other animals in the area, they may transfer their resistance genes to bacteria that are," says Dave Ussery, a microbiologist at the Technical University of Denmark.

David Graham at Newcastle University, UK, describes the Indian site.

"In a way, it's sort of like a beaker experiment that tests the worst-case scenario, only this is in a natural system."

Björn Olsen, an infectious-disease specialist at Uppsala University in Sweden compares the resistance with volcano-ash.

"The cloud is going to drop down somewhere else, not just around the sewage plant."

The study was carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg in collaboration with Chalmers University of Technology and Umeå University, Sweden