First detailed underwater survey of huge volcanic flank collapse deposits

The volcano has been erupting episodically since 1995, with the last major eruption and volcanic dome collapse occurring in February 2010. Previous eruptions on the island have included the largest volcanic dome collapses ever documented. These eruptions were monitored on land, and marine surveys showed what happens when the hot volcanic flows enter the ocean.

Thousands of years ago, far larger collapses of the entire volcanic edifice occurred sending huge landslides into the ocean to the east and south of the island. Some of these landslides involved over five cubic kilometres of material and travelled underwater for tens of kilometres. They were much larger than even the largest of the volcanic dome collapses since 1995 and probably generated tsunamis, whose magnitude is uncertain.

"We plan to produce the first detailed survey of this type of volcanic flank collapse deposit," said Dr Talling: "For the first time, we will image flank collapse deposits by collecting three-dimensional seismic reflection data, which will show how huge avalanches were emplaced."

The researchers wish to learn if landslides from the volcano that are violently emplaced on the seafloor can trigger even larger-scale failure of the underlying seafloor sediment. They have already successfully collected sonar images that show huge blocks of material scattered across the seafloor, forming a halo around the base of the island. Some of these blocks are over 40 metres high and 400 metres long. Sonar images also show streaks of material deposited underwater during the February 2010 eruption.

In the next two weeks, the team will finish mapping the flank collapse deposits using seismic reflection data. This seafloor mapping will provide survey data for an ambitious International Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) proposal to drill into and recover landslide material. This will help date the landslides and show whether they are associated with particular eruptions or other changes in volcano behaviour.

The people of Montserrat live in the north of the island, the southern part of the island containing the active volcano having been evacuated, including the old capital city of Plymouth, which is now mainly buried and destroyed.

The scientists are in close contact with Montserrat Volcano Observatory and hope that their work will help to understand the longer-term history of the volcano and help predict future hazards. They especially wish to understand the frequency and triggers of these huge landslides and the size and frequency of tsunamis that they could potentially generate.

"The way in which huge volcanic edifices collapse into the sea should become clearer during the next few days," said Talling: "These collapse events represent some of the most fascinating and potentially hazardous events around island volcanoes."

Ironically, the recent eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland threatened the study of the Montserrat volcano by nearly stopping the researchers from flying out to the Caribbean in time to join the vessel.

The research represents a collaborative project between the National Oceanography Centre (NOC), the University of Southampton's School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, IFM Geomar in Kiel and the Institute de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP).

In addition to Dr Talling, the project includes Veit Hühnerbach, Jessica Trofimovs and Doug Masson of the NOC, Mark Vardy, Sebastian Watt, Morelia Urlaub, Sudipta Sarkar, Michele Paulatto, Tim Minshull and Tim Henstock of the University of Southampton's School of Ocean and Earth Science based at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, Christian Berndt Gareth Crutchley, Jens Karstens and Martin Wollatz-Vogt of IFM Geomar in Kiel. Anne LeFriant from the IPGP is onboard and leads the IODP Drilling Proposal, and collaboration with the IPGP also involves Elodie LeBas, Natalie Feullet, Georges Boudon, Christine Deplus, and J-C Komorowski. Fukashi Maeno from the University of Tokyo aims to model these volcanic flows in conjunction with Steve Sparks from the University of Bristol. Adam Stinton and Paul Cole are assisting from the Montserrat Volcano Observatory.