Mantis Shrimp Vision Reveals New Way That Animals Can See

"Mantis shrimp ventured into a new dimension of vision," said Justin Marshall of the University of Queensland in Australia. Also known as stomatopods, mantis shrimp are large and particularly violent marine crustaceans that aren't actually a kind of shrimp but look something like one.

Marshall describes circular polarized light as a spiraling beam that spins either to the left or the right. Scientists had shown before that some animals, such as scarab beetles, reflect that kind of light, but they hadn't shown that any animal could actually see it--until now, that is.

"It's complicated physics," Marshall said, "but that makes it all the more amazing that some animals would use it for something." Using it required the stomatopods to evolve a kind of filter in their eyes oriented at a precise 45 degree angle to photoreceptors underneath that pick up on linearly polarized light. The filter turns the circularly polarized light into its linear form. Many animals make use of linearly polarized light, Marshall said. To people, however, it is only glare, hence the need for polarized sun glasses.

In the new study, the researchers describe the anatomical basis for stomatopods' remarkable vision in detail and show that these structures are stimulated when circular polarized light shines into them. They also offer behavioral proof of the stomatopods' ability by training them to associate either left-handed or right-handed circular polarized light (L-CPL or R-CPL) with a food reward.

During tests, when no food was present, the researchers presented the animals with two feeding tubes, one reflecting L-CPL and the other R-CPL. The stomatopods chose the tube reflecting the CPL handedness to which they had originally been trained at levels significantly above chance, the researchers found.

Although it's not yet clear exactly what the mantis shrimps' newfound visual ability is good for in nature, Marshall said it's likely all about sex.

Stomatopods are known to use highly specialized color and linear polarization signals for complex social interactions, he noted. And by using circular-polarization imaging, his team has identified three species of stomatopods (within the genus Odontodactus) where CPL is reflected from the cuticles of males but not females. Those sex-specific reflective areas are on parts of the body that stomatopods frequently use for behavioral displays.

"The precise role that these signals, visible to a CPL visual system, play in stomatopod sexual signaling is not yet known, but we speculate that these CPL reflections could act as a secret communication channel," the researchers concluded. "Linear polarization signals, used by marine invertebrates, are visible to animals like cephalopods that prey on stomatopods and are therefore open to exploitation. Also, other genera of stomatopods that we have examined have variable CPL sensitivity, and may be unable to view the sexual displays of Odontodactylus species, making this a private channel of communication, unavailable to both predators and potential stomatopod competitors.

"Whatever the use of CPL signals and CPL vision to stomatopods, comparing design features of their CPL reflectors and sensors to those of man-made systems will be interesting," they added. "Humans use CPL filters and imaging in everyday photography, medical photography, and object-detection systems in turbid environments. The reefs and waters that many stomatopods inhabit are often turbid, and it is perhaps no surprise that, perhaps as long as 400 million years ago (when stomatopod crustaceans first appeared), nature got there first."

The researchers include Tsyr-Huei Chiou, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD; Sonja Kleinlogel, Sensory Neurobiology Group, Vision Touch and Hearing Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Tom Cronin, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD; Roy Calwell, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; Birte Loeffler, Sensory Neurobiology Group, Vision Touch and Hearing Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Afsheen Siddiqi, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD;

Alan Goldizen, Sensory Neurobiology Group, Vision Touch and Hearing Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Justin Marshall, Sensory Neurobiology Group, Vision Touch and Hearing Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

This work was supported by grants from the Asian Office of Aerospace Research and Development, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Australian Research Council, the National Science Foundation, and the Swiss National Foundation.

Journal reference: Chiou et al.: "Circular Polarization Vision in a Stomatopod Crustacean." Publishing in Current Biology 18, 1--6, March 25, 2008. DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2008.02.066.