Why It Pays To Be Choosy: The Co-evolution Of Choosiness And Cooperation

A novel solution to this problem has been proposed by scientists at the University of Bristol and is published January 9 in Nature.

Professor John McNamara and colleagues demonstrate that when individuals in a population are choosy about their partners, cooperativeness is rewarded and tends to increase.

Professor McNamara explained: "The problem is that the process of natural selection tends to produce individuals that do the best for themselves. So why has a behaviour evolved that appears to benefit others at a cost to the individual concerned?

"In our model, an individual's level of choosiness determines the level of cooperation demanded of its partner. If the current partner is not cooperative enough the individual stops interacting with this partner and seeks a better partner, even though finding a new partner incurs costs."

So when is it worth leaving the current partner and seeking a more cooperative one? Two components are necessary for this to be beneficial:

• There must be better partners out there.
• There must also be time to exploit the relationship with the new partner, which will be true for long-lived animals like humans.

If these conditions are met, natural selection will lead to a certain degree of choosiness evolving. And once this happens, an individual that is not cooperative will be discarded by its partner and must pay the cost of finding another partner.

Thus when there is choosiness, cooperativeness is rewarded and tends to increase. In this way the level of cooperation and the degree of choosiness increase together over time, and cooperation can evolve from an initially uncooperative population.

This research was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Professor Nigel Brown, Director of Science and Technology at BBSRC, commented: "This is one of a number of fields where modelling studies are advancing biological science more rapidly than experiment alone can achieve."

In a computational model, the team considered a large population where, in each of a discrete series of time steps, pairs of individuals engage in a 'game' in which each individual does best by being uncooperative and letting its partner put in the hard work.

Each individual was characterised by two traits: a cooperativeness trait, which specifies the amount of effort that the individual devotes to generating benefits available to its co-player, and a choosiness trait, which specifies the minimum degree of cooperativeness that the individual is prepared to accept from its co-player. The traits are not adjusted in response to the co-player's behaviour and do not change over an individual's life.

As this model does not require complex procedures such as negotiation, it could be relevant to a wide range of species.