Cure Found For Huntington Disease In Mice Offers Hope For Treatment In Humans

Published today in Cell journal, Dr. Michael Hayden and colleagues discovered that by preventing the cleavage of the mutant huntingtin protein responsible for Huntington disease (HD) in a mouse model, the degenerative symptoms underlying the illness do not appear and the mouse displays normal brain function. This is the first time that a cure for HD in mice has been successfully achieved.

"Ten years ago, we discovered that huntingtin is cleaved by 'molecular scissors' which led to the hypothesis that cleavage of huntingtin may play a key role in causing Huntington disease", said Dr. Michael Hayden, Director and Senior Scientist at the Child and Family Research Institute's Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics. Dr. Hayden is also a Canada Research Chair in Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine.

Now a decade later, this hypothesis has resulted in a landmark discovery. "This is a monumental effort that provides the most compelling evidence of this hypothesis to date", said Dr. Marian DiFiglia, Professor in Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and one of the world's leading experts on Huntington disease. "Dr. Hayden and his team have shown in convincing fashion that many of the changes seen in HD patients can be erased in HD mice simply by engineering a mutation into the disease gene that prevents the protein from getting cleaved at a specific site".

To explore the role of cleavage, Dr. Hayden's team established an animal model of HD that replicated the key disease features seen in patients. A unique aspect of this particular animal model is that it embodied the human HD gene in exactly the same way seen in patients. This replication allowed researchers to examine the progression of HD symptoms including the inevitable cleavage of the mutant huntingtin protein. In the study, researchers confirmed that the deadly cleavage is caused by a key enzyme called caspase-6. By blocking the action of this target, they showed that the mouse did not develop any symptoms of Huntington disease.

Hayden's team is now trying to test this model of prevention in a mouse using drug inhibitors and then ultimately in humans. "Our findings are important because they tell us exactly what we need to do next", said Dr. Rona Graham, Post Doctoral Fellow at the CMMT and lead author in the study.

This work is also pivotal for the individuals and families affected by Huntington disease. "Patients of this disease should know that this is a research milestone for all and that this work brings the field closer to finding effective treatment for a devastating disorder", said Dr. DiFiglia.

The Huntington Society of Canada (HSC), a national network of volunteers and professionals united in the fight against HD, echoed this sentiment. "This ground-breaking research provides great hope for the Huntington community", said Don Lamont, the Society's CEO and Executive Director. "This research brings us closer to treatment and ultimately a cure".

Huntington disease is a degenerative brain disease that affects one in every 10,000 Canadians. One in 1,000 is touched by HD -- for example, as a person with HD, a family member, a person at risk, caregiver or friend. The disease results from degeneration of neurons in certain areas of the brain causing uncontrolled movements, loss of intellectual faculties, and emotional disturbances. Currently, there is no treatment to delay or prevent HD in patients.

This research was funded by Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Hereditary Disease Foundation, Huntington Disease Society of America, Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research, High Q Foundation, Merck Frosst, Child and Family Research Institute of BC.

Journal Reference:
Title: Cleavage at the Caspase-6 site is required for neuronal dysfunction and degeneration due to mutant huntingtin
Author(s): Rona K. Graham, Yu Deng, Elizabeth J. Slow, Brendan Haigh, Nagat Bissada, Ge Lu, Jacqueline Pearson, Jacqueline Shehadeh, Lisa Bertram, Zoe Murphy, Simon C. Warby, Crystal N. Doty, Sophie Roy, Cheryl L. Wellington, Blair R. Leavitt, Lynn A. Raymond, Donald W. Nicholson and Michael R. Hayden
Source: Cell 125, 1179-1191, June 16 2006

The Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics (CMMT): The centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the BC Children's Hospital is a research centre supported collaboratively by the University of British Columbia, the Child and Family Research Institute, Merck Frosst Canada Inc., and the Government of British Columbia. Built on a 10-year history of research excellence, the CMMT is dedicated to advancing the fundamental understanding of the molecular function and structure of genes as the key to improved diagnosis, treatment and prevention of health problems in children and adults. For more information, please refer to the website at www.cmmt.ubc.ca.